{"id":24626,"date":"2023-07-19T01:50:14","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T01:50:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/questions\/discipline-including-strengthening-positive-behaviors-and-weakening-undesirable-behaviors\/"},"modified":"2023-07-19T01:50:14","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T01:50:14","slug":"discipline-including-strengthening-positive-behaviors-and-weakening-undesirable-behaviors","status":"publish","type":"questions","link":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/questions\/discipline-including-strengthening-positive-behaviors-and-weakening-undesirable-behaviors\/","title":{"rendered":"Discipline, including strengthening positive behaviors and weakening undesirable behaviors"},"content":{"rendered":"

Contemporary Parenting <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Length: <\/span><\/b> 8-10 pages (not including title and
\nreferences pages)

\nFormat: <\/b>Correct APA format throughout. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Title: <\/span><\/b> Include an
\ninformative, interesting, provocative and\/or creative
\ntitle – but nothing too crazy!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Literature Review consists of an introduction, summary
\nof scholarly sources, a discussion and evaluation of the
\nsources (including disputes and disagreements), and a conclusion in
\nwhich you put forth your own potential original research ideas, and
\nalso discuss strengths and weaknesses of the literature you reviewed. A
\nminimum of 10 scholarly articles, published in the last 10 years, from
\npeer-reviewed journals are required for this assignment<\/span>.  All
\narticles MUST be scholarly research articles. You can cite books, excluding
\nyour textbook, but these must be in addition to your 5 articles. Don’t
\ncite blogs, websites, opinions, etc.<\/span> Your five articles should have
\nbeen published in the last decade; if you want to use an older article, it
\nshould be in addition to your five required.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Literature Review in the
\nResearch Process<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

“Literature” refers to the scholarly
\nwriting, published (original) research study results, and
\nother important analyses on a particular aspect of a topic.  So you
\nare not<\/b> going to write an essay on a Shakespearean play or
\nsome other literary<\/i> text. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The purpose of a literature review is
\nfourfold:  The first is to summarize and assess the state of
\nexisting knowledge<\/b> on your narrowed topic.  What knowledge
\nexists and is generally accepted with regard to your topic?  Are
\nthere important differences or disagreements among scholars?  Are
\nthere significant problems or limitations with any of the research
\nstudies?  Which research methods were employed in the various
\nresearch studies, which were not, and with what consequences?  What
\nquestions remain unanswered?  What aspects or approaches seem
\nrelatively unexplored?  Through the process of reviewing existing
\nknowledge you will also develop a better understanding of your topic. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n
\n

<\/span><\/div>\n

Required Elements of the
\nLiterature Review (do not use these subtitles in your paper, they’re just to
\nhelp you conceptualize the format and content of your paper)<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Introduction<\/span><\/b>:  The introduction presents your narrowed topic
\nor area of inquiry, usually through its significance and\/or an
\noverview statement of how researchers have studied this narrowed
\narea.  You will want to define the topic, and give a broad
\noverview of the current state of research findings surrounding this
\ntopic. Do not forget to cite sources here – you did not
\ncome to the table with this knowledge already in your brain! <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Summary<\/span><\/b>:  The summary-of-sources section presents the
\nresearch, knowledge, and analysis that the literature offers
\nconcerning your narrowed research topic.  This section should be
\norganized according to the issues or aspects studied, the accepted
\ninterpretations or theories, the disputed claims, and any unanswered
\nquestions.  Do not simply summarize each source in separate
\nparagraphs<\/u>.  The paragraphs in your summary should focus on
\nspecific issues, not necessarily on individual authors.  For
\nexample, if you were studying prison reform, one paragraph might
\npresent what three scholars have reported regarding education programs in
\nprison, even though one or more of those authors might show up again in
\nanother paragraph on visitation rights.  If a paragraph happens to
\nfocus on only one author or article, make sure this is for a good
\nreason, for example, the article represents the authoritative
\ndiscussion of a particular issue; in such a case, the content of that
\nparagraph should be limited to the issue and not turn into a general summary of
\nthe article.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Discussion and Evaluation<\/span><\/b>:  This section is your discussion
\nand evaluation of the articles from your summary section and not your
\ndiscussion of the issues themselves.  Instead, you are
\ninterpreting and evaluating the knowledge presented in the summary section in
\norder to raise questions for further research.  You may discuss and
\nevaluate the significance of various conclusions and arguments, the
\ncompleteness of individual studies, the research methods
\nused, substantial areas of disagreement, debates over definitions of
\nterms, and\/or the consistency of the results with each
\nother.  As you present your evaluation, do so cautiously with
\nthorough analysis and explanation.  Challenging the results of a
\nprofessional study with nothing but one isolated observation or opinion will
\nreveal your naivet\u00e9 more than any real weakness in the study.  Share
\nyour evaluation without using the first person<\/u> (I, me, my, mine); doing
\nso will shift the reader\u2019s focus away from the subject and onto you, the
\nwriter.  As you discuss and evaluate the knowledge and issues with
\nregard to your narrowed topic, raise questions for further study along the
\nway.  Refer directly to all of the articles from your Summary
\nsection. Do not introduce new articles in this section that you have not
\nalready covered in the Summary section. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Please note that even though you may take issue with
\naspects of the research and findings in your sources, it is very rare for
\nthe discussion to include a complete dismissal of any one source.  If
\nyou read a source and find that it has nothing or little of value to offer on
\nyour topic, then do not include it in the literature review.  By
\nchoosing to include sources in your literature review, you imply that you
\nhave already judged them to offer something that is worth consideration.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Further, it is important to distinguish between
\nevaluation for analytical purposes and evaluation for entertainment
\npurposes.  While this kind of essay is called a
\nliterature \u201creview,\u201d it is not a review in the sense of a movie
\nreview.  You should not be concerned with whether the material you have
\nreviewed is entertaining.  The purpose, rather, is to
\ndemonstrate how considering various arguments and approaches improves our
\nunderstanding and engages us in new questions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Conclusion: <\/span><\/b>The conclusion synthesizes the knowledge confirmed through
\nthe discussion and evaluation section while identifying areas for further
\nresearch.  After reviewing the literature, what do we
\nknow?  What don\u2019t we know?  There should be an apparent
\nconnection between the new areas of inquiry and the summary of existing knowledge.  Bring
\nyour conclusion to a close by identifying and discussing the significance
\nof your topic.   <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

References and In-text Citations<\/span><\/b>:  <\/b>An
\nAPA style reference page, with all of the sources referred to in your
\nliterature review, must be included at the end of your
\nessay.  All quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing must
\nalso follow APA guidelines.  In your presentation and analysis of
\nsources, do not use direct quotes<\/b>; excessive quoting can turn
\nyour literature review into a cacophony of different voices that frustrates the
\nreader\u2019s ability to find cohesion between the distinct ideas.  You
\nare always better off paraphrasing or summarizing, which you must do
\ncarefully to avoid plagiarism. You must use at least 10 references
\nfrom peer-reviewed, scientific journals.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Audience<\/span><\/b>:  The audience for a literature review is a
\nsomewhat hypothetical body of fellow researchers.  These are people
\ninterested in the same issues and who are usually working in a similar
\nfield.  Thus, you are expected to use vocabulary appropriate to
\nyour subject matter.  For example, the
\nterm \u201creentry\u201d has a specific set of meanings and connotations within
\ncriminal justice.  If you choose to write about this
\nsubject, then you are expected to familiarize yourself with that word and
\nothers and use them accurately in your explanations and
\nanalysis.  Note and look up commonly used terms as you run across
\nthem in your reading.  Consider how they are used in context and with
\nwhat connotations.  Acquiring the vocabulary of the discussion is an
\nimportant part of being able to express yourself with clarity and
\nprecision.  Showing that you are conversant with the vocabulary and
\nconcepts common to the discussion is also an important part of establishing
\nyour authority to analyze the contributions of others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Style and Tone<\/span><\/b>:  In tone, consider that you are writing
\nfor a body of professionals.  They want to see that you are
\nreasonably objective.  Betraying a strong emotional investment may
\ncast doubt on your credibility.  Thus, your tone and style
\nshould emphasize that you are interested in furthering understanding rather
\nthan establishing that you are right or winning an
\nargument.  Moreover, the focus in this essay is not on
\nyou; it is on the texts and topic you are analyzing and synthesizing.  Therefore, do
\nnot use the first person (I, me, my, mine).  Nor
\nshould you find occasion to use the second
\nperson (you, your, you\u2019re)<\/b>, for example, to address the
\nreader directly as in, \u201cHaving considered the many facets of this
\nproblem, you<\/u> may wonder how it can possibly be
\nsolved.\u201d  Such language is overly informal for this kind of academic
\nwriting and shifts the focus to the reader and away from the topic of your
\nessay.  A possible revision could be:  \u201cA consideration of
\nthe many facets of this problem clearly indicates that solving it will be
\ndifficult.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Paragraph form:<\/span><\/b>  Each of your body paragraphs should have a topic
\nsentence.  Pay attention to the transitions between and within
\nparagraphs.  Paragraphs in academic writing
\nare (usually) between 1\/3 – 3\/4 of a page
\nlong.  If they are shorter than that, you may not be adequately
\ndeveloping your ideas.  If the ideas or information do not deserve to
\nbe developed further, then you might consider combining the content of the
\nshort paragraph with another paragraph; in such a case, you would
\nneed to revise the topic sentence so that it covers the combined
\nmaterials.  If a paragraph is much longer than 3\/4 of a
\npage, you risk losing the attention of your reader as well as losing focus
\nin your paragraph itself.  Of course, there are exceptions to
\nthe 1\/3-3\/4 page guideline. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Contemporary Parenting  Length:  8-10 pages (not including title and references pages) Format: Correct APA format throughout.  Title:  Include an informative, interesting, provocative and\/or creative title – but nothing too crazy! The Literature Review consists of an introduction, summary of scholarly sources, a discussion and evaluation of the sources (including disputes and disagreements), and a conclusion in which you put forth your own potential original research ideas, and also discuss strengths […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"disciplines":[196],"paper_types":[],"tagged":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions\/24626"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/questions"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24626"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/questions\/24626\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24626"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"disciplines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disciplines?post=24626"},{"taxonomy":"paper_types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/paper_types?post=24626"},{"taxonomy":"tagged","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodacademic.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tagged?post=24626"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}